Prepositions and Particle

Prepositions: They help the indicate the relationship of a noun phrase to the rest of the sentence, they relate them to sentences in a variety of ways. Location, time, purpose, accompaniment, means, direction, possession, and agent. Examples of prepositions are: of, with, into, by, at, during, or for.

Prepositional phrases: modify either a noun or a verb, and they always occur with a following noun phrase which is the object of the preposition.

Example: The boy with the kite is having fun. or as a subject complement: The King is without mercy

Deferred Prepositions: are generally unaccepted in the world of English Grammar because they leave the sentence with a preposition. An example would be "Whom were you speaking to?" this would be considered incorrect and the correct option being instead, "To whom where you speaking?"

Particles: second part of the two part transitive verb. Often confused with prepositions because they share a lot of the same words.

Ways to find the difference:

Can it be moved around together?

Can it be replaced by a pro-form?

Does it hold together as a constituent?

Example: Dorothy turned down the invitation.

Turned down is not a group with particles

You can't clarify the question by asking, "Where did she turn"

Down does not explain location, time, purpose, direction..etc all terms of a preposition.